KETOPROFEN AND ITS AMIDE DERIVATIVES IN ANTICANCER THERAPIES
Keywords:
Ketoprofen, ketoprofen amide derivatives, anticancer activitiesAbstract
Ketoprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) belonging to the 2-arylpropionic acid class, widely used for analgesic and anti-inflammatory therapies through inhibition of the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme. In recent years, accumulating evidence has indicated that NSAIDs in general, and ketoprofen in particular, possess anticancer potential via both COX-dependent and COX-independent mechanisms. Notably, structural modification of ketoprofen into amide derivatives has emerged as a promising strategy to improve pharmacokinetic properties, reduce adverse effects, and introduce new biological interactions. This review aims to summarize the anticancer therapeutic potential of ketoprofen and its amide derivatives through systematic analysis and synthesis of previously published studies. References were primarily retrieved using Google Scholar from peer-reviewed publications indexed in major scientific databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and ACS Publications, focusing on the anticancer activity of ketoprofen and its amide derivatives. The selected literature was screened, categorized, and analyzed to elucidate the relationship between chemical structure and biological activity. The compiled results indicate that ketoprofen exhibits in vitro anticancer activity but lacks sufficient efficacy for direct therapeutic application, whereas numerous ketoprofen amide derivatives demonstrate enhanced cytotoxic activity, improved selectivity, and modulation of key biological mechanisms such as apoptosis induction and cell cycle regulation. Overall, this review highlights the potential applicability of ketoprofen amide derivatives as promising candidates for anticancer drug development.
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